
How to Read an IEP: Pennsylvania
Understanding Present Levels of Performance and Measurable Annual Goals
Pennsylvania IEP Guide: Present Levels of Academic Achievement & Functional Performance
- What Is It?
- What Does It Look Like?
- What Does The IEP Say?
- How Do I Know If It Is Good?
What is the present levels section of an IEP?
This is one of the meatiest sections of the IEP! This is where the IEP team lists the students academic and functional levels of performance. This is where you start to get a sense of where the student is at– and this section sets up the goals. Like if a student has difficulty decoding, you would see it here– and then should see a goal about it later in the IEP.
Because IEPs are written on all areas of student need, present levels sections include information on the student’s physical, socioemotional, development, and communication baseline as well as on their academics. There is a lot of variation in how districts label the various parts of this section but in every single one you should learn about a student’s skills in reading, writing, mathematics, and their overall development. In most districts that means communication, motor skills, and socioemotional skills– but some districts jumble those together and so omit any areas where the student does not have a need. In California, that would have gotten you in trouble on a state audit but in New Hampshire it is pretty standard not to see anything about motor skills in an IEP– so there is some variation state by state.
Arizona, which combines this section with the student strengths, has a nice clean lay out for this section. Click read more to see how Arizona divided up this section in the sub-sections I talked about of communication, academics, and so on.
Now, take a look at this section of the IEP from the Fresno district in California. They too have a section for communication and motor skills, but academic and functional skills are one sub-section that also includes socioemotional stuff.
The IEP from Oregon has only two sub-boxes– one for academic performance and one for developmental and functional development. In NH (not shown), there are three boxes– one for academic performance, one for functional, and one for developmental– and no one really has a clue how to figure out what goes in the functional versus developmental boxes!
You can see that the amount of content in the boxes varies a lot as does their labels but somehow, every single IEP from every single district is trying to provide a holistic picture of the student’s skills.
The filled out examples on the left are helpful to look at to get a sense of how long this section can be– because when I say this is the meatiest section of the IEP, I mean it is the longest!
Where are the present levels in the IEP?
Typically, this is right after the student strengths section on the second or third page of the IEP. There are a few rebel districts that shift a lot of this information to the student goals section or hide it later in the IEP, but generally this is near the beginning of the IEP.
How do present levels sections of an IEP vary across states and districts?
Every single IEP has present levels of some form. They have to. Some include strengths in it, some don’t. Some divide them up by communication, academic, and so on. Some don’t. Some even put the present levels in the goals. But every district has them– and they should all cover similar content. The labels that districts use and the number of boxes does matter though– the boxes guide what folks write so you will see different emphases district to district with maybe a child’s motor present levels being addressed in one and glossed over in another based on whether there is a box that asks about motor skills specifically.
What does the IDEA law say about present levels?
The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act states that the IEP has to have a “statement of present levels of academic achievement and functional performance,” aka a PLAAFP. That means a statement of where the student is academically (aka reading, writing, and math) and functionally (communication, socioemotional, motor, etc).
What IDEA says in 34 C.F.R. § 300.320(a)(1)
(1) A statement of the child’s present levels of academic achievement and functional performance, including—
(i) How the child’s disability affects the child’s involvement and progress in the general education curriculum (i.e., the same curriculum as for nondisabled children); or
(ii) For preschool children, as appropriate, how the disability affects the child’s participation in appropriate activities;

This IEP comes from the Pennsylvania Training and Technical Assistance department. See the full IEP here.
Because the images are hard to read, a transcript is below.
II. PRESENT LEVELS OF ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT AND FUNCTIONAL PERFORMANCE
Include the following information related to the student:
Present levels of academic achievement (e.g., most recent evaluation of the student, results of formative assessments, curriculum-based assessments, transition assessments, progress toward current goals)
Present levels of functional performance (e.g., results from a functional behavioral assessment, results of ecological assessments, progress toward current goals)
Present levels related to current postsecondary transition goals if the student’s age is 14 or younger if determined appropriate by the IEP team (e.g., results of formative assessments, curriculum-based assessments, progress toward current goals)
Concerns of the parent(s) for enhancing the education of the student
How the student’s disability affects involvement and progress in the general education curriculum
Strengths
Academic, developmental, and functional needs related to student’s disability
Eric is an 11th grade student, with a learning disability in reading and written language. He is currently enrolled in the career and technology (CTE) program for Auto Body Repair, with a half day at the High School where he is fully included in general education classes. He is on track for graduation with a regular diploma based on credits in his high school and career and technology programs.
● Present levels of academic achievement (e.g., most recent evaluation of the student, results of formative assessments, curriculum-based assessments, transition assessments, progress toward current goals)
Eric’s reading skills have improved with intensive interventions, remain below grade level. In previous years he has had reading instruction in the LS classroom. Last year, in the high school started intensive, smaller group, general education reading/English classes for students who were scoring well below proficient on the 4Sight Assessments, and Eric is continuing in the same this fall. The class is designed to help with a reading specialist and English teacher. They use explicit decoding (word study), comprehension, and writing instruction and software-based interventions. Oral reading fluency probes at instructional and grade level are used to monitor gains in reading. Last year, his oral reading fluency improved from 85 words correct per minute on fourth grade passages to 105 words correct per minute on 5th grade passages (typical rate would be about 150 wcpm). This fall, he is using 6th grade passages and scores ranged from 98-103 wcpm. On grade level benchmark reading passages this fall, he read 74 and 80 words correct per minute. Approximately 70% of decoding errors occur with multisyllabic words.
Eric’s reading comprehension is impacted by his weak decoding skills. He has scored at Low Basic level on three of his last four 4Sight assessments and on the 8th grade PSSA. 4Sight, which comprehension probes, and Study Island reports indicate two main areas where skills are weak: summarizing and recalling details of fiction and nonfiction passages, and interpreting character, theme, tone, and symbolism. In fiction and literary nonfiction, he is scoring about 50% accuracy on measures of these skills as indicated in classroom probes and Study Island reports. When the material is read to him, his listening comprehension is age appropriate on measures of listening comprehension completed by the reading specialist. Eric’s teachers also observe weakness in decoding and comprehension, but note that when material is discussed in class or is presented orally, his comprehension and level of participation is comparable to that of his peers.
Specially designed instruction that works for Eric includes: use of pre-reading study guides, and graphic organizers such as vocabulary squares and the Frayer Model, and re-reading and marking important points. Eric requires extra time for reading and test-taking at least two times per week.
Eric’s English teacher describes his writing as “functional.” He uses word processing for writing assignments, and with use of the spelling and grammar check, produces short, concise sentence without a great deal of variety. Analysis of assignments completed on word processor indicates that his average sentence length is 8.5 words, with 2 or fewer errors of grammar or omission of words per 100 words. He met last year’s goal of improving his writing using word processing.
Analysis of shorter, pencil and paper writing tasks, from three different classes, indicates the following: Eric typically writes 6–10 word sentences, with average length of 7.6 words. On a typical measure of four sentences (approximately 26 words), he makes on average 1–2 errors of capitalization, end punctuation, grammatical errors of tense or case, or omitting words without realizing it. On the same passage he averages 1–2 spelling errors (usually of multisyllabic words rather than short sight words). When he is reminded to read his passage aloud or to himself, or to use a rubric or spelling guide, he is able to correct about 50% of these errors. Eric has learned the SCOPE proofreading strategy and will continue to use it in all settings. Eric needs to improve the quality and accuracy of his writing in order to meet the expectations of a career in auto body and/or in a post-secondary program.
With support and accommodations at the career and technology school including use of study guides, scan and read software (print materials converted to digital format so that he can listen while reading required material), and extra time for reading assessments and tests, he has been able to meet the curricular demands by completing 278 out of 390 competencies in the Auto Body Repair program. CTE staff report that Eric works too slowly on his projects. He spends completely 30% of his projects on time even with prompting. His teachers state that this is not a matter of dexterity, but rather his “perfectionism” as he tries to be very precise and accurate, particularly when puttying, sanding and buffing. He needs to be able to side whether the work is satisfactorily completed to specifications, so as to move on without prompting, and to develop the self-management skills to monitor and increase his speed.
At the beginning of 8th grade, Eric had an assistive technology loan from the IU for assistance with reading in the content areas. Based on the evaluation, the district purchased “scan and read” software for Eric to use in general education classes. He used it for reading assignments in 8th and 9th grade in science, health, and social studies. Materials in these and other print materials were scanned into a digital format which Eric could then read with text-to-speech supports, he said he liked using. With the use he achieved the 75%–85% (C–B range) However, since the middle of 9th grade, while Eric willingly accesses the tech in manuals in digital format for the CTE class, he has resisted using the software during his half day in the high school. He has stated that he is doing well enough without it, doesn’t need it for his classes, and doesn’t want to call attention to himself. Since he stopped using his scan and read software, his grade averages in content area classes have declined to average of 66%–78% (D–C range).
While Eric acknowledges that he struggles with reading, he has also stated that he is able to “get by” in classes by listening, and making his own study guides for tests and making his own graphic organizers for vocabulary. He states that the best strategy for him to understand difficult text is to re-read the material. He also uses pencil marks and highlighters to mark what he considers to be important. He points out that he also requests additional time when needed. He works hard to improve his reading skills so eventually he will not need to use this software.
In late September, Eric’s team met with the IU assistive technology consultant in order to address the gap in his technology usage. Multiple steps have been taken to make Eric’s team at the high school aware of his success in scanning manuals and other materials to digital format at the CTE school, and to provide additional sources for accessible instructional materials. Contacts have been made with the publishers of his content area textbooks to acquire HTML or pdf versions. Eric and the team learned about Bookshare.org, and a number of his required texts for English were found in a quick search of Bookshare.org online. Last week, he met again with the AT consultant, who reviewed the highlighting and notetaking features of his current software, and reviewed the steps for downloading digital text into the program. Eric did agree to work with this assistive technology, and expressed interest in sending selected audio files to an MP3 player, so that he can have quick auditory access in a situation where a computer is not available.
Eric’s math skills are at grade level as measured on ongoing 4Sight benchmarks, as well as classroom assessments. He earned grades in the 75–85% level last year in Geometry class and currently has a 79% in Algebra II.
● Present levels of functional performance (e.g., results from a functional behavioral assessment, results of ecological assessments, progress toward current goals)
Eric missed only two days of school last year and none this current year. He had one tardy and no office disciplinary referrals. Eric is independent in daily living skills, and plans on maintaining his own vehicle on his own once he is earning a living. He passed his driver’s exam last spring, and drives to his work-based placement at Pizza Hut. He likes his job, his attendance and work is good, and he reports getting along well with his co-workers and his shift manager. He recently used his earnings to buy a used car, which he enjoys working on.
An informal parent survey, as well as the Comprehensive Informal Inventory of Knowledge and Skills for Transition, were given by the district, and indicated that Eric is self-sufficient and age-appropriate in all areas of independent living. He will not need a goal or services for Independent Living during HS.
● Present levels related to current postsecondary transition goals if the student’s age is 14 or younger if determined appropriate by the IEP team (e.g., results of formative assessments, curriculum-based assessments, progress toward current goals)
Eric’s decision to enroll in the auto body program was based on parent survey information, his student interview in which he expressed an interest in cars, and visits to the career and technology school in 8th and 9th grade. Eric has been given a variety of assessments that include the Self Directed Search (SDS), Career Occupational Preference System (COPS), the Survey of Work Styles (SWS) and the SAGE Vocational Aptitude (and Work Preference) Assessment (Pesco). Results of these assessments suggest that he has the aptitude, dexterity, and interest to pursue a career in auto body repair. As required of all students in the district curriculum, Eric has maintained a career portfolio.
Although the CTE program will prepare him for employment immediately after high school, Eric is also considering going on to a local technical school or community college to expand his skills or explore a related area. Eric and his parents feel that additional education would give him more employment options and increase his earning power.
Eric and his family have been made aware of how OVR can support him in his post-secondary goals. During 10th grade, he attended a group meeting at school with the OVR counselor. His parents attended a college fair with him last year. Eric and his family plan to open a case with OVR, and the representative has been invited to the current IEP meeting.
As detailed in the Functional Skills section, current data suggests that Eric is self-sufficient and age appropriate in all areas of independent living. The team anticipates that he will not need a goal or services for Independent Living as part of his high school program.
What do I look for in the IEP to know if it is good?
The present levels section should tell you what a student can do right now. That includes in reading. What level of text can they read? How is their decoding, fluency, comprehension? For areas where the student is working at grade level this might be as short as, “Juan is decoding and understanding tests at grade level according to classroom assessments.” Similarly, you should get useful information about the students’ knowledge of and skills in mathematics and writing. This should not just be test scores. It should be information that makes sense to a parent or a general education teacher. Jargon is a red flag. Often jargon and numbers means the case manager didn’t actually do assessments for the annual IEP– the numbers are often years out of date and a way to hide that no new assessments were done.
This section should also include more than academics. For example, there needs to be something in here about the student’s socioemotional well being and behaviors. If there are no concerns, awesome– it should say that. But in today’s world, how many kids with IEPs or kids in general are really totally fine? Not shy, not anxious, not disorganized at all? This section needs to include that information too– you want a complete picture of the student. If you don’t see that, then that’s a red flag.
Present levels also should include communication and motor skills information. If a student has concerns in these areas, those sections should be filled in by a SLP or OT or PT or APE teacher. If there are statements about concerns on any of those areas, that student should have services in those areas. If they don’t, that’s a red flag. If a student is in 5th grade and wiping out going down the stairs on the regular and that isn’t in the IEP, you want to know if a PT has screened the student. This is an area where you know you student/child– are all concerns reflected here and linked to services and goals? Or at least acknowledged with a note that there was a screening done?
Broadly, you need to see that all information in the present levels is current, intelligible to humans (not just numbers and jargon), reflective of the teams’ concerns, and linked to both goals and services. If there are a lot of concerns, you expect to see a lot of goals and services. If there aren’t a ton, then you expect to see that student on their own a lot in general education being successful.
When and how should I get help?
It depends on who you are. If you are a parent, you have the right to show the IEP to anyone you want to get their thoughts on it– and the right to bring someone who has “knowledge or special expertise regarding the child” to the IEP meeting. To learn more about parents’ rights in IEP, visit our page on the rights hidden inside district procedural safeguards.
If you are a teacher at the school and are worried about the quality of the IEP goals, feel out the case manager. If you hit resistance, try meeting with a service provider at the school an administrator, or a special education teacher that you are more comfortable with– but try the case manager first to get a sense of what is going on.
Here is what IDEA says in 34 C.F.R. § 300.321(a)(6) about bringing people to meetings:
‘‘(vi) at the discretion of the parent or the agency,
other individuals who have knowledge or special expertise regarding the child, including related services personnel as appropriate; and
other individuals who have knowledge or special expertise regarding the child, including related services personnel as appropriate; and
What are the disclaimers?
This website is not a lawyer or an educational advocate. Nothing on this site is, nor is intended to be, legal advice. The information here is for informational purposes only.
If you are worried about your student or child’s IEP, please reach out to a real, live human.
Many law schools have free educational law clinics for special education. Many larger districts employ ombudsmen to bridge the gap between parents and schools. Many regions and states have parent centers that can help parents connect to other parents and find resources in their community. All of those are free, as is talking through the paperwork with a friend. Educational advocates are often paid professionals with special expertise who can also help. While we are happy to address general questions about the IDEA law or IEP process, please note that any communication via email is for informational purposes only and cannot be treated as legal advice. You can email questions to rose@spedhelper.org.
Pennsylvania IEP Guide: Measurable Annual Goals
- What Is It?
- What Does It Look Like?
- What Does The IEP Say?
- How Do I Know If It Is Good?
What are the annual goals in an IEP?
This is one of the most, if not the most, important part of the IEP. This is where the IEP team lays out what the student will be working on with special education support over the next year. Generally, the goals written by the special education teacher fall into the reading, writing, math, and socioemotional buckets. So you might see a goal for reading comprehension, one for multivariable equations, and one for work completion or managing frustration. Related service providers, like speech and language pathologists or counselors, will also write their own goals so there might also be goals from them on communication, self-regulation, or other skills. Generally, looking at a student’s goals gives you the best sense of where the student is and the biggest thing the team thinks they need to work on.
Each goal will have two key parts– the goal itself, which should be measurable and easy to understand– and a baseline which says where a student is now. You might also see benchmarks, also known as objectives. These are ways to break down the goal for monitoring at report card intervals. Fun fact, if you didn’t know– special education teachers are responsible for reporting on each student’s progress towards each goal at report card intervals. So when you do report card (or they do, depending on the school), they are also writing narratives on every single goal. That’s one of the main reasons that special education teachers work to keep goals to a minimum– don’t assume that all of a student’s needs are covered by their goals. Instead, assume that the goals are the biggest needs and the special education teacher was refusing to do bonus paperwork for the lesser needs. In line with this, a lot of goals will also tell you how the parent will be notified of progress. Regardless of language, assume that when the report card goes home, parents are supposed to also get a goals’ progress narrative.
Where are the annual goals found in an IEP?
Goals are always after the present levels. In some districts, they are the last things in the IEPs. In others, they are in the middle, but they are always after the present levels.
How do goals vary across states and districts?
Every single district will have measurable annual goals and baselines. Some districts split up the baselines, like listing an academic and functional baseline. Some don’t. Some list the quarterly benchmarks in the IEP. Some don’t. Some districts use goal writing tools that write weird, generic goals. Some don’t. But because IEP goals are the heart of an IEP, every single district will have them– and will have the goal and the baseline in separate boxes.
What does the IDEA law say about goals?
The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, the federal law behind special education, says that IEP goals have to be measurable, help the student move towards meeting grade level standards, meet the student’s other educational needs, and have benchmarks to ensure progress monitoring. The exact wording is below.
(i) A statement of measurable annual goals, including academic and functional goals designed to—
(A) Meet the child’s needs that result from the child’s disability to enable the child to be involved in and make progress in the general education curriculum; and
(B) Meet each of the child’s other educational needs that result from the child’s disability;
(ii) For children with disabilities who take alternate assessments aligned to alternate academic achievement standards, a description of benchmarks or short-term objectives;
(3) A description of—
(i) How the child’s progress toward meeting the annual goals described in paragraph (2) of this section will be measured; and
(ii) When periodic reports on the progress the child is making toward meeting the annual goals (such as through the use of quarterly or other periodic reports, concurrent with the issuance of report cards) will be provided;

This IEP comes from the Pennsylvania Training and Technical Assistance department. See the full IEP here.
Because the images can be hard to read, a transcript is below.
V. GOALS AND OBJECTIVES – Include, as appropriate, academic and functional goals. Use as many copies of this page as needed to plan appropriately. Specially designed instruction may be listed with each goal/objective or listed in Section VI.
Short term learning outcomes are required for students who are gifted. The short term learning outcomes related to the student’s gifted program may be listed under Goals or Short Term Objectives.
| MEASURABLE ANNUAL GOAL
(Include: Condition, Name, Behavior, and Criteria
| [Refer to Annotated IEP for description of these components]) | Describe HOW the student’s progress toward meeting this goal will be measured | Describe WHEN periodic reports on progress will be provided to parents | Report of Progress |
|---|---|---|---|
| Given expository passages at instructional level, Eric will apply word recognition skills as measured by orally reading 120 words correct per minute on 2 out of 3 consecutively weekly trials. | |||
| R11.A.2.2 – Identify and apply word recognition skills | Weekly charting of oral reading fluency at instructional level. | ||
| Quarterly benchmarking of oral reading fluency at grade level |
4Sight Scores reported quarterly.
PSSA scores reported in Fall. | Twice per nine weeks. | |
| Given written questions involving summarization and/or details (from content area materials and/or software activities), Eric will respond with 80% accuracy on 4 out of 5 trials evaluated biweekly.
Anchors Addressed:
R11.A.1.1.4, R11.A.2.4 Identify and explain main ideas and relevant details.
R11.A.1.5, R11.A.2.5 Summarize key details of a fiction or nonfiction text as a whole | Biweekly probes, charted.
Information from classroom formative assignments provided
4Sight Scores reported quarterly.
PSSA scores reported in Fall. | Twice per nine weeks. | |
| Given consistent use of a strategy (SCOPE**), and spelling checker of his choice, Eric will review his writing to include 100% correct spelling, punctuation, capitalization, and grammar on 6 out of 6 randomly selected short writing assignments in content area classes or the CTC. | Teacher checklist applied to first four sentences of randomly selected short writing assignments (biweekly)
Sample assignments provided quarterly.
PSSA Scores reported in Fall. | Twice per nine weeks. | Use your SCOPE to find and fix errors
Spelling
Capitalization
Omissions
Punctuation
Ear (read your essay out loud – listen for sentence fragments and run-ons, and grammatical errors) |
| 1.5.11.F Edit writing using the conventions of language | | | |
| Given a self-monitoring tool, Eric will independently complete 5 out of 5 consecutive Auto Body projects, meeting the specifications for time and accuracy frame identified by the instructor for each project.
Standards addressed:
13.2.11.E Self advocacy and time management
13.3.11.A Evaluate personal attitudes & work habits
13.3.11.E Evaluate time management strategies & their application. | Student use of rubric. Timed task completion checklist. | Twice per nine weeks. | |
SHORT TERM OBJECTIVES – Required for students with disabilities who take alternate assessments aligned to alternate achievement standards (PASA).
| Short term objectives / Benchmarks |
|---|
Page 15 of 22
Example for training purposes only
Updated for 2017–2018
July 2008 Revisions
SAMPLE
What do I look for in the IEP to know if it is good?
So the big focus of this entire website is on how to write strong goals– that means that if you want a detailed answer to this question, click on the goals tab! But the short answer is that you want to see goals that make sense. You know your student or child. What are their biggest areas of need? IEP goals don’t cover everything– but whatever you think are the most pressing issues need to be in the goals. You also should see language that makes sense. You need to be able to read these and immediately know what the student needs to do and what they can do now. The goals drive special education supports so if they don’t make sense, it is likely the services your student/child receives won’t either.
When and how should I get help?
It depends on who you are. If you are a parent, you have the right to show the IEP to anyone you want to get their thoughts on it– and the right to bring someone who has “knowledge or special expertise regarding the child” to the IEP meeting. To learn more about parents’ rights in IEP, visit our page on the rights hidden inside district procedural safeguards.
If you are a teacher at the school and are worried about the quality of the IEP goals, feel out the case manager. If you hit resistance, try meeting with a service provider at the school an administrator, or a special education teacher that you are more comfortable with– but try the case manager first to get a sense of what is going on.
Here is what IDEA says in 34 C.F.R. § 300.321(a)(6) about bringing people to meetings:
‘‘(vi) at the discretion of the parent or the agency,
other individuals who have knowledge or special expertise regarding the child, including related services personnel as appropriate; and
other individuals who have knowledge or special expertise regarding the child, including related services personnel as appropriate; and
What are the disclaimers?
This website is not a lawyer or an educational advocate. Nothing on this site is, nor is intended to be, legal advice. The information here is for informational purposes only.
If you are worried about your student or child’s IEP, please reach out to a real, live human.
Many law schools have free educational law clinics for special education. Many larger districts employ ombudsmen to bridge the gap between parents and schools. Many regions and states have parent centers that can help parents connect to other parents and find resources in their community. All of those are free, as is talking through the paperwork with a friend. Educational advocates are often paid professionals with special expertise who can also help. While we are happy to address general questions about the IDEA law or IEP process, please note that any communication via email is for informational purposes only and cannot be treated as legal advice. You can email questions to rose@spedhelper.org.
Learn More About Pennsylvania IEP Sections

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